50 basic broadcasting terms you must know
List of 50 important terms in the domain of television broadcasting along with their definitions. Also find the names of important authorities and regulations related to television broadcasting in...
Current trends in television broadcasting
Television broadcasting has undergone significant changes in recent years, with the rise of digital platforms and the shift in audience preferences. The broadcasting industry has had to adapt to...
Electronic news gathering, live broadcasts and live streaming
Electronic News Gathering (ENG) is a broadcasting technique that involves the use of portable electronic devices, such as cameras and microphones, to capture and transmit live events. ENG has...
Run down and panel production of news bulletins
News bulletins are a fundamental aspect of television journalism, providing concise and informative updates on current events. Behind the scenes, a complex process takes place to ensure the smooth...
Segments in a news story
When planning a news story for television production, several segments come together to create a cohesive and engaging narrative. Here are short notes on the different segments commonly used in...
TV Newsroom Structure
The television newsroom serves as the nerve center of a broadcast news organization, where journalists, producers, editors, and technical staff work together to gather, produce, and deliver news...
Script organisation
In television production, script organization plays a crucial role in shaping the narrative and structure of a television show. It involves carefully structuring the script to effectively engage...
Integrated Newsrooms
Integrated NewsroomsConceptBasic elements and featuresChanges in news-gathering and disseminationImplicationsChallengesConcept Shift in Infrastructure, skillset and activities in bringing news to...
Multimedia News Stories
Not all stories make good multimedia stories. The best multimedia stories are multi-dimensional. They include action for video, a process that can be illustrated with a graphic (e.g., "how...
JC 1472: Television Broadcasting Notes
JC 1472: Television Broadcasting Course OutcomesTo narrate the characteristics of televisionTo write basics for television programmeTo plan and sketch the essentials of broadcasting All...
Idea of cross ownership in Media
Definition Cross-media ownership is a situation in which a single corporate entity owns multiple types of media companies. The types of media companies owned may include print, radio, television,...
Artificial Intelligence in journalism
In today’s world which is ruled by digitisation, technology is powering journalism. Artificial intelligence involved jobs accounts to around 10-12% of the total functionalities in the...
Challenges and opportunities as a journalist
Today, the media environment is changing in part as a result of technological and market developments largely associated with the rise of digital media. The precise nature of change in the media...
Comprehensivness, Hypertextuality, Interactivity
Comprehensiveness Online journalism has the potential to be more thorough than journalism in any other medium. It can provide materials in multiple forms that free journalists from the bounds of...
News Packages
News packages An online story package is not simply a news article that’s been uploaded to a Web site with perhaps a single photo accompanying it, instead, an online story that uses multiple media...
Integrating audio, photographs, graphics and video to enhance news/article
Familiarize yourself with the strengths of the different types of media content you can use online, and the types of stories that lend themselves to certain media elements. (The goal is to get you...
Adobe Audition & Soundbooth
In 2006 Adobe created a fair amount of controversy when they introduced Soundbooth, a new addition to their multimedia productivity suite. The controversy was not so much the Soundbooth software...
Technological determinism
Technological determinism is a reductionist theory that aims to provide a causative link between technology and a society’s nature. It tries to explain as to whom or what could have a controlling...
Gerbner’s Model
Mr. George Gerbner is one of the pioneers in the field of communication research. His works are descriptive as well as very easy to understand any other before. He is working as a professor and...
The Newcomb’s Model
The New Comb’s model of communication was introduced by Theodore M Newcomb of the University of Michigan in 1953. He gives different approach to the communication process. The main purpose of this...
Helical Model of Communication
In 1967, Frank Dance has proposed the communication model called Dance’s Helix Model for a better communication process. The name helical comes from "Helix" which means an object having a...
Packaging for a channel
Packaging may be defined as the attractive presentation of a product. It is therefore the final form in which a product is delivered to a consumer. For example, if a confectioner wishes to market...
Osgood-Schramm’s Model
Wilbur Schramm proposed the model of communication in 1954. Schramm, a leading communication expert, has provided an overview of the elements and processes of communication to explain how these...
Lasswell's Model
Harold Dwight Lasswell, the American political scientist states that a convenient way to describe an act of communication is to answer the following questionsWhoSays WhatIn Which ChannelTo...
Berlo's SMCR Model
In 1948, the Bell System Technical Journal published a Communication Cycle model, developed by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver. This model was initially developed to improve technical...
Shannon and Weaver Model
Shannon Weaver model of communication was created in 1948 when Claude Elwood Shannon wrote an article "A Mathematical Theory of Communication" in Bell System Technical Journal with Warren Weaver....
Rhetoric Model
Aristotle (384-322 B.C) was a Greek philosopher and writer born in Stagira, Northern Greece. He was also the teacher of Alexander the Great. He studied physics, logic, mathematics, etc. While...
Introduction to Communication Models
Models of communication simplify the complex process of communication by providing a visual representation of the various aspects of a communication encounter. Some models explain communication in...
The 7 Cs of Communication
The seven C’s of communication is a list of principles for written and spoken communications to ensure that they are effective. The seven C’s are: clear, correct, complete, concrete, concise,...
Communication Barriers
Communication is one of our basic needs. We require to communicate with many people for personal and professional purpose. But while communicating we may face many hurdles or problems. Sometimes...
Communication: Elements and Types
Whenever you've had a conversation, texted a friend, or given a business presentation, you have engaged in communication. Any time two or more people get together to exchange messages, they are...
Introduction to Communication
Context How did humans develop the ability to communicate? Are humans the only creatures on earth that communicate? What purpose does communication serve in our lives? Answers to these historical,...
ITP FAQs
Media in IndiaMedia Companies: Media owning companies in India share in many cases some significant features. Whereas some present a fairly simple shareholding which shows clearly who pulls the...
Stages of Scripting
Scriptwriting is a process. It begins with gathering information, thinking, analyzing, and questioning, and it ends with devising a creative concept. This visual idea then needs to be developed...
Multimedia: Definition, Characteristics & Applications
Multimedia has become an inevitable part of any presentation. It has found a variety of applications right from entertainment to education. The evolution of internet has also increased the demand...
Multimedia Production and Authoring Tools
Multimedia authoring is a process of assembling different types of media contents like text, audio, image, animations and video as a single stream of information with the help of various software...
Images and Graphics in Multimedia
Painting and Drawing Tools Painting and drawing tools, as well as 3-D modelers, are perhaps the most important items in the toolkit because, of all the multimedia elements, the graphical impact of...
Multimedia Production: Process
A multimedia development team consists of many different skill oriented people, who include a producer, educational consultant, media consultant, media designers, media specialists, Webmaster etc....
Elements of Design & Layout
1. LineThe first and most basic element of design is that of the line. In drawing, a line is the stroke of the pen or pencil but in graphic design, it’s any two connected points. Lines are useful...
Multimedia File Formats
File Standards File standards refer to established guidelines and specifications that define the structure, format, and encoding of files used in digital media. These standards ensure consistency...
Principles of Visual Design
There are roughly a dozen basic principles of design that beginning and expert designers alike should keep in mind when working on their projects. In addition, there are another dozen or so...
Multimedia in Journalism and Learning
Multimedia journalism involves the use of text, images, sound, video clips, graphics to tell stories in an engaging way. Professionals who work in multimedia journalism leverage digital tools and...
Glossary of Typographic Terms
Learning the building blocks of typography will help you better understand how to pick a suitable font and apply it effectively within your design projects. The Basics: Typefaces Categories &...
Making Packaged and Live News Reports
Television journalism consists of the broadcast of either packaged news or live news. A packaged news story is one, which is explored, shot, edited and most importantly, broadcast after the event...
Writing News Stories for Television
Although all journalism should be a flow of information between the journalist and the reader, listener or viewer, in the broadcast media it is of vital importance that the reporter - through the...
Program Research
Research is a careful and detailed study into a specific problem, concern, or issue using the scientific method. This is best accomplished by turning the issue into a question, with the intent of...
Sound in Documentary Films
Sound is as important as the image. Unfortunately, this fact wasn’t realized until quite recently. Sound has always been an extremely underrated aspect of filmmaking and, consequently, sound...
Stages of Documentary Scriptwriting
The script is also, often, the most underrated aspect of the documentary process. Often, preparing a script beforehand can make the difference between a bad film and a good film. Or, at best, a...
Shooting Schedule & Shot List
Shooting Schedule A shooting schedule is a project plan of each day’s shooting for a film production. It is normally created and managed by the assistant director, who reports to the production...
Post-production Editing
Post-production occurs in the making of audio recordings, films/movies, photography and digital art, videos and television programs. It is the general term for all stages of production occurring...
Writing: Film vs. Print
Writing for film, fiction or non-fiction, is quite different from writing for print. There are a few unique features of film that a screenwriter must consider: Film is visual. The words that a...
Making Sense of Documentary Scriptwriting
Is a Script Necessary? If somebody asked you to name nine or ten outstanding documentaries or documentary series, it is highly possible that your list might include Nanook of the North, Hoop...
Visual Writing vs. Descriptive Prose
Visual writing means writing and thinking with images that the audience will see rather than words they will read. How do you write with visual ideas as opposed to writing visually descriptive...
Cyber Law: IT Act, Cybercrimes
Cyber law is any law that applies to the internet and internet-related technologies. Cyber law is one of the newest areas of the legal system. This is because internet technology develops at such...
Press Council of India: Norms of Journalistic Conduct
Press Council of India The Press Council of India was first established in the year 1966 by the Parliament of India, recommended by the first Press Commission. The object was to preserve the...
Media Ethics: Meaning, Concept and Codes
The word ‘Ethics’ stems from the term ‘ethos’, which for Aristotle, was "the speaker’s personal character when the speech is so spoken as to make us think him credible." Ethics is concerned with...
Organisational structures: Radio, TV and News Agencies
Radio station Radio is one of the important inventions of the 20th Century, which has changed the overall meaning of the term mass communication. The parallel changes in technology have made the...
Media Management: Audio-visual Media
Journalism is the activity or profession of writing for newspapers, magazines or of broadcasting news on radio or television. It is that act of gathering, processing, and dissemination of news,...
Television Production - Glossary
A.AC. Alternating Current. Electrical current that changes polarity regularly and continually. Access Channel. One of the three cable channels designed for use by the public, government, or...
New Media: Web, Blogs and Journalism [Part: 2/2]
Internet: A Short History A single person did not create the Internet that we know and use today. Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn design TCP during 1973 and later publish it with the help of Yogen...
New Media: Definition and Characteristics [Part1/2]
‘New’ in the new media New: a term usually associated with consumer products, from fashions, to films to food, and, as a label, means simply the latest. With respect to New Media, not a novelty or...
Production Process
The production process, in a nutshell, is pre-production → production → post production. Pre-production is a fairly loose term which refers to the tasks undertaken before production begins....
Self Regulation vs. Censorship
Every day, journalists working across all platforms of media make dozens of ethical decisions. Every stage of the act of journalism requires choices about content — headlines, words, pictures,...
Editing: evolution, principles, functions, practices, and techniques
Editing is where the material that has been shot is blended together to form a convincing, persuasive presentation. However, editing has a much more subtle role to play than a simple piecing...
Sound: Acoustics, Microphones, Sound design, and BGM
Topics covered in this article:The nature of soundNatural soundAcousticsRoom acousticsLive surroundings Dead surroundingsMonoStereoSurroundMicrophonesTypes by use: handheld, personal, shotgun,...
Lighting: Function, Types and Techniques
Many times the difference between a good show and a great show is the lighting! Good lighting can transform a routine, uninteresting shot into an attractive, appealing image that draws the...
Television Cameras: Parts, Function & Types
Despite their electronic complexity, all television cameras (including the consumer video cameras) consist of three main parts. The first is the lens, which selects a certain field of view and...
Television Cameras: The lens system
A camera lens is an optical body that features a single lens or an assembly of lenses that mounts to a camera body. Some lenses and interchangeable, while others are built into the construction of...
Visual Language
[Thunder rumbles over a darkened city. A woman dressed in high fashion looks up at the sky. She opens her umbrella as raindrops fall and polka-dot the sidewalk. The woman hurries into a nearby...
Camera Movements
Camera movements generally fall into two types: the kind that feel like machine movement (Pedestal, Dolly and Truck) and the kind that feel like human movement (Tilt, Pan and Roll). 1. DOLLY:...